Pipe Service Age Effect on Chlorine Decay in Drinking‐Water Transmission and Distribution Systems     

A. O. Al‐Jasser 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(9):827-832

Maintaining acceptable quality of water transported in the transmission and distribution system requires the chlorination of water beyond the treatment plant. While flowing through pipes, the chlorine concentration decreases for different reasons. Reaction with the pipe material itself and the reaction with both the biofilm and tubercles formed on the pipe wall are known as pipe wall demand. This varies with pipe parameters. The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of the service age of pipes on the chlorine wall decay constant. One hundred and fifty three pipe sections of different sizes and four different pipe materials were collected and tested for their chlorine first‐order wall decay constants. The results showed that pipe service age was an important factor that must not be ignored. For the range of the 55 years of pipe service age used in this study, the change in the wall decay ranged from 8 to 531% of the corresponding values in the recently installed pipes. The effect of service age on the wall decay constants was most evident in steel pipes. Other important findings were reached.  相似文献   

基于LiDAR和航空影像的地震灾害倒塌建筑物信息提取   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

于海洋  程钢  张育民  卢小平 《国土资源遥感》2011,(3):77-81

地震灾害损失评估是震后展开救灾工作的重要环节.快速、准确地获取震后损毁建筑物信息能够为灾区减灾、救灾工作提供有效的支持.高分辨率航空遥感是灾害监测的重要技术手段,但其信息自动提取的精度受到一定的限制.近年来新出现的LiDAR技术能够提供地面目标的高程信息,可应用于复杂环境下倒塌建筑物信息的提取.研究中采用航空遥感数据和...  相似文献   

自然灾害风险地图中的制图综合研究——以点状承灾体为例   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

潘东华  王静爱  贾慧聪  赵金涛 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2011,(1):51-55

为提高多尺度灾害风险地图表达中高风险区承灾体的准确、有效、快速识别,基于灾害风险理论,运用地理学规律,在GIS等技术支持下,结合数据挖掘和空间分析技术,探讨了在尺度转换过程中点状承灾体的制图综合问题,并结合承灾体自身及在灾害系统中的属性特征,抽象概括了点状承灾体在灾害地图中的制图综合类型,即重要性综合、特殊性综合、邻近性综合、条件性综合、完整性综合、随机性综合。针对每一种综合类型,给出了可能的灾害情景假设及制图综合方法,并进行了技术实现及可视化表达。结果表明,基于上述6种类型的点状承灾体制图综合,不仅有效解决了尺度转换过程中的数据冗余问题,而且还能准确反映出特定孕灾环境下高风险区承灾体的空间分布,同时也为灾害风险地图的制图综合提供一种新的思路。本研究为区域灾害风险识别、风险防范与管理提供理论与技术支持,进而为区域的防灾减灾提供科学依据。  相似文献   

基于Flex和ArcGIS Server的城市防汛指挥系统的设计与实现   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

张宏伟  魏锋  佘远见 《地理空间信息》2011,(6):34-36,39

针对淮安目前防汛工作上存在的问题,在介绍了ArcGIS Server、RIA/Flex和.NET等相关技术的基础上以及分析研究了系统的总体设计结构、数据库管理设计等,结合淮安防汛减灾相关情况,设计开发了WebGIS城市防汛指挥系统,并介绍了该系统所实现的功能,以及系统开发过程中所采用的关键技术等。通过对该系统的研究应用...  相似文献   

Spatial Distribution and Temporal Variation of the Winter Wheat Late Frost Disaster in Henan, China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

ZHANG Xuefen  ZHENG Youfei  WANG Chunyi  CHEN Huailiang  REN Zhenhe  ZOU Chunhui 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(2):249-259

The winter wheat late frost disaster(WFD) occurs mainly in the Yellow and Huaihe River area,of which Henan Province covers the most part.Henan is the major area of wheat production in China,but it is severely hit by the WFD.In this study,we construct a WFD index based on the minimum temperature and the winter wheat development period(WDP).The WFD degrees and days at 30 agrometeorological stations in Henan Province during the period of 1981-2004 are calculated.For the large-scale temporal variation analysis of WFD,the 24-yr WDP observation series is relatively short,so it is expanded by using the relation between the turning green date of winter wheat and the 5-day running mean temperature and that between the stem elongation phase and the effective cumulative temperature above a critical value of 2.5 ℃.The WFD data are also expanded for the last 50 years and are analyzed by using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) and the Morlet wavelet methods.Characteristics in the spatial distribution and temporal variation of WFD are revealed.The results show that the frequency of WFD is generally high,exceeding 40% in parts of Henan,and exhibits a rising trend in the period of 1970-1990.The variation trend of WFD degrees is similar to that of WFD days,and the areas with higher WFD degrees coincide the areas with more WFD days.Moreover,the WFD degree has a greater impact on the winter wheat yield than the WFD days.The areas with high WFD degrees lie in the southeast and southwest of Henan,and the areas with low WFD degrees lie in the south of the Huaihe River and parts of western Henan.Temporal variations of the first and second EOF modes of the WFD degree display 16-and quasi-22-yr periodicities,respectively.The areas of high(low) WFD frequency are distributed in the northern Henan and the southwest border of Henan(the northeast Henan and the middle part of southwest Henan).The temporal variation of the first(second) EOF mode of WFD days exhibits a periodicity(periodicities) of quasi-4 yr(quasi-3 and quasi-6-7 yr).  相似文献   

基于综合评价算法的雷电灾害易损度区划模型研究     

曾金全  张烨方  王颖波 《气象》2011,37(12):1595-1600

选取落雷密度、雷灾发生率、雷灾经济损失率及雷灾生命损伤率为评价雷电灾害易损性的指标,运用解析几何的直线方程对指标数据进行了标准化,引入层次分析法对评价指标数据真实性程度对结果的影响进行了修正,采用聚类分析方法对总易损度值进行更为合理科学的区划分级,并以福建省为例对新模型做了实例计算。结果表明,综合评价算法模型在关系计算、级别区划、结果分析等方面体现出一定的数学优势,能较细致、完整地反映出雷灾易损度区划指标之间的联系及各指标因素对雷灾易损度的综合影响关系。  相似文献   

Seismic amplifications from offshore to shore     

《Applied Ocean Research》2015

The objective of this study is to determine numerical estimations of seismic amplifications of waves traveling from offshore to shore considering the effect of sea floor configurations. According to the Boundary Element Method, boundary elements were used to irradiate waves and density force can be determined for each element. From this hypothesis, Huygens’ Principle is implemented since diffracted waves are constructed at the boundary from which they are radiated and this is equivalent to Somigliana's theorem. Application of boundary conditions leads to determine a system of integral equations of Fredholm type of second kind, which is solved by the Gaussian method. Various numerical models were analyzed, a first one was used to validate the proposed formulation and some other models were used to show various ideal sea floor configurations to estimate seismic amplifications. Once the formulation was validated, basic slope configurations were studied for estimating spectra of seismic amplifications for various sea floor materials. In general terms, compressional waves (P-waves) can produce seismic amplifications of the incident wave in the order of 2–5. On the other hand, distortional waves (S-waves) can produce amplifications up to 5.5 times the incident wave. A relevant finding is that the highest seismic amplifications due to an offshore earthquake are always located near the shore-line and not offshore despite the seafloor configuration.  相似文献   

青岛近海大型水母漂移集合预测方法研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴玲娟  高松  刘桂艳  白涛 《海洋预报》2015,32(2):62-71

考虑水母垂直运动等自主运动,基于集合预报和拉格朗日粒子追踪方法,建立青岛近海大型水母的集合漂移预测模型。并利用2012—2013年青岛近海水母实时监测数据和集合漂移预测模型,快速预测水母集合漂移轨迹、速度、趋势和可能影响范围等要素。通过分析水母监测数据和数值模拟结果,在水母如何自主运动及其机理尚不十分清楚的情况下,多轨迹漂移预测结果比单轨迹的更合理、科学、可信,能够传达更多的信息量,对水母灾害的应急处置更具有指导意义。  相似文献   

利用浅海的声传播损失反演海面风速          下载免费PDF全文

刘洪宁  吕连港  杨光兵  姜莹  杨春梅  刘宗伟 《海洋科学进展》2015,33(2):164-172

声信号在浅海环境传播时,经过海面风浪的不断散射,传播损失会相应改变。本文通过分析声传播损失计算海面波高,利用风浪充分成长时波高与风速的关系,对海面风速进行反演,并针对声速剖面在有无跃层两种情况下反演过程的异同进行讨论。利用模拟仿真与2013年黄海声传播实验数据对其进行了验证,结果表明此方法是有效的。  相似文献   

无人机红外传感器改制及数据获取研究     

何敏  刘智华 《测绘科学》2015,(9):48-52

针对云雾复杂气候条件下无人机可见光影像难以获取的问题,文章在分析了地质灾害应急遥感监测伴随的复杂气候条件的基础上,根据目前无人机传感器的构造原理,通过对各种红外滤片的分析和比较,研究基于红外滤片元器件的无人机传感器红外改制技术和红外影像数据增强方法,对航摄传感器进行红外改装。实验结果表明,无人机红外传感器在多云雾条件下能够获取高精度清晰影像,有效解决云雾条件下地质灾害应急数据获取难题,为地质灾害应急决策提供参考。  相似文献